The Principles of Maglev Trains

Maglev trains utilize electromagnetic forces—harnessing the attraction between opposite magnetic poles or the repulsion between like poles—to overcome gravity and suspend the train above the track, while employing linear motors to propel it forward. Because they operate completely detached from the rails—thereby eliminating wheel-rail friction—these trains are characterized by high speeds (reaching [value] or higher), low noise levels, superior climbing capabilities, and low maintenance costs; consequently, they are often referred to as "zero-altitude aircraft."

Levitation Principle:

Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) (German Technology / Shanghai Line): Utilizes the attractive force between electromagnets and the guideway; by controlling the current flowing through the electromagnets, the train is maintained beneath the guideway while sustaining a constant levitation gap.

Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS) (Japanese Technology): Leverages electromagnetic induction generated as the train travels rapidly along the guideway; this induction causes coils to generate a repulsive force, thereby "pushing" the train upward.

Propulsion Principle:

Employs linear motor technology. Stator coils embedded in the ground guideway are energized with alternating current to generate a traveling magnetic field; this field interacts with the magnetic field produced by the on-board electromagnets, propelling the train forward in a linear motion.

Guidance Principle:

Guidance magnets are mounted on both sides of the train; these magnets interact with the lateral surfaces of the guideway to keep the train centered on the track and prevent derailment.